As per the SQT, the space quantum has both a positive and negative force operating from a zero-point-frequency energy field. The negative force, called gravity, is a pressure force due to the expansion of the universe that holds all mass together. While the secondary space quantum action, the compressed units returning to their neutral state after being provoked by the expansion factor, is the positive force. This positive force I called the impetus force, it moves all units of mass and energy through the space quantum field, which I call the spacetronic field for short. From one expansion cycle to the next constitutes one second of TIME. Both fields are created by the expansion-contraction cycle. Together they form the action quauntum know as Planck's constant 'h'. These are forces that turn galaxies and propell light through the universe and are the cause for Newton's apple to fall to the earth.

The heat generation observed in several "cold fusion" experiments was not fusion, rather it was vacuum energy extraction. This explains why any anomalous heat generation was not accompanied by a neutron and radiation signature indicating nuclear fusion.

The existence of an actual vacuum was a subject of debate among scientists from Aristotle into the twentieth century. Since light, magnetic fields and heat all travel through a vacuum, something must be in space to provoke such action. The electro-magnetism of Maxwell called for the existence of an ether. Various experiments were developed to detect this ether, of which the most famous was the Michelson-Morley experiment, which failed to find it. Finally, in 1905, Einstein banished the ether by means of special relativity and allowed the true vacuum to exist, which I call the spacetronic field. Some physicists call it "quantum vacuum." I refer to this as the spacetronic field as being an active field of energy differing from the fields of mass and the electromagnetic energy that operates by modulating the spacetronic field, which field acts as a carrier wave for mass and energy. The spacetronic field is the mental world that creates the physical world.

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle of 1927 led particle physicists to predict that particles would arise spontaneously from the vacuum, so long as they disappeared before violating the uncertainty principle. The quantum vacuum is a very active place, with all sorts of virtual particles appearing and disappearing. Careful experiments have demonstrated that the quantum theorists are correct in this interpretation of the vacuum... Furthermore, starting in 1980 with the theory of the inflationary universe, particle physicists have told us that the entire universe was created as a 'false vacuum', a quantum vacuum that has more energy in its nothingness than it should. The decay of that particular vacuum to an ordinary quantum vacuum produced all the mass in the universe and started the evolution of our world.

Modern physical theory, specifically quantum electrodynamics (QED), tells us that the vacuum can no longer be considered a void. This is due to the fact that, even in the absence of matter, the vacuum is neither truly particle nor field free, but is the seat of virtual particle-pair (e.g. electron-positron) creation and annihilation processes, as well as (ZPF) of such fields as the vacuum electrodynamic field.

There is, however, no question but that the zero-point-fluctuation (ZPF) fields lead to real, measurable physical consequences. One example is the very real Casimir force, an experimentally-verified ZPF-induced attractive quantum force between closely-spaced metal or dielectric plates. An elegant analysis by Milonni, et al., at Los Alamos National Laboratory shows that the Casimir force is due to radiation pressure from the background electrodynamic zero-point energy which has become unbalanced due to the presence of the plates, and which results in the plates being pushed together due to the expansion pressure. Other effects, the Lamb shift, the van der Waals chemical binding forces and quantum field mechanisms underlying the gravitational interaction, and spontaneous emission, all predicted by the SQT.

In quantum theory, an oscillator will always retain a finite amount of 'jiggle', the average energy associated with this residuum of motion, the so-called zero-point energy. If we now consider the universe as a whole as constituting a giant cavity, then we approach a continuum of possible modes (frequencies, directions) of propagation of electromagnetic waves.

 Therefore, we are justified in assuming a high-frequency cutoff, and arguments based on the requirements of general relativity place this cutoff near the Planck frequency (~10^-33 cm). elementary particles do not form a really basic starting point for the description of nature. Instead, they represent a first-order correction to "vacuum physics." As high as this value is, one might think that the vacuum energy would be easy to observe. Although this is true in a certain sense (it is the source of quantum noise), by and large the homogeneity and isotropy (uniformity) of the ZPF distribution prevent naive observation, and only departures from uniformity yield overtly observable effects.

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