A useful perspective on animal behavior is its recursive nature, or part-whole hierarchy. Con­sidering this from the bottom up, animal societies have been viewed as "superorganisms". For example, the ants in an ant colony may be compared to cells, their castes to tissues and organs, the queen and her drones to the generative system, and the exchange of liquid food amongst the colony members to the circulation of blood and lymph. Furthermore, corre­sponding to morphogenesis in organisms the ant colony has sociogenesis, which consists of the processes by which the individuals undergo changes in caste and behavior.

Agnosia is a failure of recognition that is not due to impairment of the sen-sory input or a general intellectual impairment. A visual agnosic patient will be unable to tell what he is looking at, although it can be demonstrated that the patient can see the object. In visual agnosia the patient is unable to rec-ognize objects for reasons other than that of loss of visual acuity or intellectual impairment. In auditory agnosia the patient with unimpaired hearing fails to recognize or distinguish speech. The patient can read without difficulty, both out loud and for comprehension. If words are presented slowly, the patient may comprehend fairly well; if presented at a normal or rapid speed, the patient will

For all computational models, the question of the emergence of intelligence is a basic one. Solving a specified problem, that often requires searching or generalization, is taken to be a sign of AI, which is assumed to have an all or none quality. From an evolutionary point of view it may be assumed that intelligence has gradation. If such gradation exists, does it manifest itself on top of a minimum that is common to life? If this minimum intelligence cannot be replicated by machines then it would follow that machine intelligence, based on classical logic, can never match biological intelligence. In the biological realm, we find that all animals are not equally intelligent at all tasks; here intelligence refes to performance of various tasks, and this performance may depend crucially on the animal's normal behavior. 

Theories are compelled to pass more and more from the inductive to the deductive method, even though the most important demand to be made of every scientific theory will always remain: that it must fit the facts.

We now reach the difficult task of giving to the reader an idea of the methods used in the mathematical construction which leads to Einstein's general theory of relativity and to the Space Quantum Field Theory.

The general problem is: Which are the simplest formal structures that can be attributed to a four-dimensional continuum and which are the simplest laws that may be conceived to govern these structures? We then look for the mathematical expression of the physical fields in these formal structures and for the field laws of physics - already known to a certain approximation from earlier researches - in the simplest laws governing this structure.

The general theory of relativity starts from a fact of experience which admits the equality of inertial and gravitational mass, or, in other the words, the fact known since the days of Galileo and Newton that all bodies fall with equal acceleration in the earth's gravitational field. (To me this indicated that both are electro-magnetic in nature or else we would have to deal with two different natures of space. Its like saying we need two different sensory units: one for hearing and one in order to keep our balance when in effect the ear system covers both sending messages to the brain.)

The theory uses a special theory as its basis but claims there is no state of motion whatever which is physically privileged - that is, that not only velocity but also acceleration are without absolute significance. It then compels a much more profound modification of the conceptions of space and time than were involved in the special theory. For even if the special theory forced us to fuse space and time together to an invisible four-dimensional continuum, yet the Euclidean character of the continuum remained essentially intact in this theory.

In the general theory of relativity, this hypothesis regarding the Euclidean character of our space-time continuum had to be abandoned and the latter given the structure of a so-called Riemannian space. Before we attempt to understand what these terms mean, let us recall what this theory accomplished.

The special relativity theory owes its origin principally to Maxwell's theory of the electro-magnetic field. This explains why his 1905 paper on relativity was entitled: "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies." "Electrodynamics" is the study of electric and magnetic forces, and in this paper Einstein was concerned with explaining the way that electric and magnetic fields act on moving charges and especially how these various actions are interrelated. He combined this with the empirical fact that there does not exist any physically distinguishable state of motion which may be called "absolute rest." The theory also discarded the absolute character of the conception of the simultaneity of two spatially separated events.

The Space Quantum Theory proposes that space is quantized. It claims the gravitational field is not caused by any attracting power of the sun or earth, which would call for action at a distance, but rather it is motivated by the 'expansion of the universe.' That is, the expansion of the space quantum, which I call the 'spacetron.'

The first law of thermodynamics states that "energy may not be created or destroyed but rather only transferred from one system to another." The expansion of the universal space quantum requires energy be given up by the space quanta in the expansion process. This spacetronic energy (motion) is transferred from one group to another. The energy transfer is a motional force that is transferred by the contraction of another group of spacetronic units. Since all spacetrons are in a state of expansion, the contracted group immediately expands generating an 'impetus force'. This motional energy is consequently transferred to other groups of spacetronic units. This ''impetus force' exerts a pressure force on all physical mass and energy throughout the universe.

The Space Quantum Theory claims that the expansion and the impetus motional force is the cause of the gravity of the universe. The expansion force not only generates the gravitational force that holds mass together, but it also maintains the state of rest of mass, relatively speaking, which we call the inertia of mass and or maintains its relative rectilinear motion as the case may be. This is the reason that gravitational mass and inertia mass are equal, since they both arise from the same cause, the expanding universe and the impetus force it generates

The result of this action is the creation of a moving contracting-expanding field of spacetronic motional waves in all directions. It is these waves that act as an impetus force that maintains the rectilinear motion of mass and energy so long as they are not acted upon by any other external force. It is this impetus force impinging on the internal particles of the atoms of mass that furnishes the motive force, which keeps the atoms of mass moving after being set in motion.